Introduction

The tomato is the majority extensively grown vegetable in the United States. approximately everyone who has a garden has at least one tomato place. They can even be shaped in casement pack gardens or in solitary pots. Commercially, it is of equally great importance. From processing to fresh market, and from beefsteak to grape tomatoes, the variety and worth of the fruit is virtually boundless. Tomatoes are members of the family, which includes peppers, eggplant, Irish potatoes and tobacco. The tomato originated in the area extending from Ecuador to Chile in the western coastal unadorned of South America. The tomato was first domesticated in Mexico where a variety of sizes and colors were selected. The fruit was introduced to Europe in the mid-1500s. The first ones introduce there were almost certainly yellow since they were given the name in Italy, which were used in Italy and France. Tomatoes are members of the nightshade family and, because of this, were considered for many years to be poisonous. Indeed, many crops in this family contain highly toxic alkaloids. Ptomaine occurs in toxic quantities in the tomato plant life but is converted enzymatic ally to a non-toxic form in the fruit. Because of these beliefs, the crop was not used for food until the 18^th century in England and France. Tomatoes were introduced to the United States in 1710, but only became popular as a food item later in that century. Even as late as 1900, many people held the belief that tomatoes were insecure to eat.

Production of tomatoes

Use of the crop has extended rapidly over the past 100 years. Today additional than 400,000 acres of tomatoes are shaped in the United States. The yearly production exceeds 14 million tons (12.7 million metric tons), of which more than 12 million tons are processed into various products such as broth, catsup, sauce, salsa and prepared foods. Another 1.8 million tons are produced for the fresh market. Global production exceeds 70 million metric tons. Tomatoes are the leading meting out vegetable crop in the United States. California is the leading producer of processing tomatoes in the United States. Indiana, Michigan and Ohio are other major producers. California and Florida are the leading fresh market tomato producers in the United States. Ohio, Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia produce significant amounts of fresh market tomatoes as well. Tomatoes have major nutritional value. In recent years, they have become known as an important source of Penelope, which is a powerful antioxidant that acts as an ant carcinogen. They also provide vitamins and natural resources. One medium ripe tomato (~145 grams) can provide up to 40 percent of the Recommended Daily Allowance of Vitamin C and 20 percent of Vitamin A. They also contribute B vitamins; potassium, iron and calcium to the diet. There are two types of tomatoes commonly grown. Most commercial varieties are determinate. These “bushy” types have a defined period of peak and fruit development. Most heirloom garden varieties and greenhouse tomatoes are indeterminate, which means they create flowers and fruit throughout the life of the plan

Cultivate plan

Tomato is considered a loving warm period crop but is actually a perennial plant, even though it is cultivated as an annual. It is sensitive to frost and will not grow perpetually outdoors in most parts of the nation. Most educated tomatoes require around 75 days from transplant to first harvest and can be harvested for several weeks before production declines. Ideal temperatures for tomato growth are 70-85 degrees F during the day and 65-70 degrees F at night. Significantly higher or lower warmth can have negative effects on fruit set and quality. The tomato is a self-pollinating plant and, outdoors, can be effectively pollinated by wind currents. Tomatoes can be produced on a variety of soil types. They grow optimally in deep, medium textured sandy loam or loamy, fertile, well-drained soils. Avoid sites that tend to stay wet. Also, rotate away from fields that have had carbonaceous crops within the past 3-4 years. Select sites that have good air group (to reduce disease) and that are free from difficulty weeds. In field production, plants depend on the soil for corporeal support and anchorage, nutrients and water. The degree to which the soil adequately provides these three factors depends upon topography, soil type, soil structure and soil management.

Condition of land

For tomato manufacture, good tillage is crucial for sufficient soil running and optimal yields. Land grounding should involve enough tillage operations to make the soil suitable for seedling or transplant organization and to provide the best soil organization for root growth and development. The extent to which the root systems of tomato plants develop is unfair by the soil profile. Root development will be restricted if there is a hard pan, compacted layer or heavy clay zone. Tomatoes are considered to be bottomless rooted and, under sympathetic conditions, some roots will grow to a depth of as much as 10 feet. The preponderance of roots, however, will be in the upper 12 to 24 inches of soil. Since root development is severely limited by compacted soil, proper land preparation should eliminate or significantly reduce soil compaction and hard pans. Tillage systems using the moldboard (“bottom” or “turning”) plow prepare the greatest soil volume conducive to vigorous root growth. This allows the expansion of more wide root systems, which can more efficiently access nutrients and water in the soil. Dis king after moldboard plowing tends to re-compact the soil and should be avoided. Compaction pans are in attendance in many soils. They are formed principally by tackle and are normally located at or just below plow depths. Although compaction pans may be only a few inches thick, their inhibitory property on root growth can particularly reduce tomato yields.

Last situation

If a compaction pan exists just underneath or near moldboard plow profundity, this hard pan can be disrupted by sub soiling to a depth of 16 to 18 inches to allow the development of a more extensive root system. Sub soiling also helps enlarge water infiltration. If there is an abundance of plants or plant residues on the soil exterior, diking or mowing follow by diking is usually advised prior to moldboard plowing. This should be done 6 to 8 weeks ahead of planting to bury residue and allow it to decay. straight away prior to plastic mulch setting up or transplanting, carry out final soil grounding and/or bedding with a rotary tiller, bedding disc or a double disc holler in combination with a bed covers press or leveling board. This provides a crestless, weed-free soil for the fixing of plastic mulch or the establishment of transplants.Tomatoes is usually transplanted into plastic mulch on raised beds. A raised bed will warm up more quickly in the spring and therefore will enhance earlier growth. Since tomatoes do poorly in excessively wet soils, a raised bed facilitates drainage and helps put off water logging in low areas or in poorly drained soils. Raised beds are generally 3 to 8 inches high. Keep in mind; however, that tomatoes planted on raised beds may also require more irrigation during drought conditions. Winter cover crops help protect the soil from water and wind erosion. When integrated into the soil as “green manure,” cover crops make a payment organic matter to the soil. Soil organic matter consists of plant and animal residues in various stages of decay. Organic matter improves soil structure (helps to reduce compaction and crusting), increases water infiltration, decreases water and wind erosion, increases the soil’s ability to resist leaching of many plant nutrients, and releases plant nutrients during decomposition.